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In this lesson:
The Olivet Discourse (part one). Jesus will return. The Temple will be destroyed (24:1-2). The disciples ask, "When" (24:3). With a warning, Jesus predicts the future (24:5-28). Study Tip: Find the truth in each passage. Decide how that truth affects you. Work on applying that truth to your life. |
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What is the -
Olivet Discourse -
The Olivet Discourse, also known as the Olivet Prophecy, is a prophetic statement made by Jesus. Some scholars believe it predicts the destruction of Jerusalem, while others think it foretells the Second Coming and the end of the world. Still others are convinced it predicted all three.
Most of the Olivet Discourse is devoted to Jesus' Second Coming. Jesus had only three days to live and knew His crucifixion would shock His disciples and rattle their faith. When He was gone, it would be their job to spread the good news of salvation. So, He reminded them that paradise was prepared for them. "I go and prepare a place for you, I will come again, and receive you unto myself; that where I am, there ye may be also" (John 14:2-3).
Jesus delivered the Olivet Discourse after prophesizing the destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem (Matthew 24:2). While spending the night on the Mount of Olives, His disciples asked the Messiah when the Temple and Jerusalem would be destroyed, what signs would signal His return, and when would the world end (Matthew 24:3; Mark 13:3-4; Luke 21:7)? Jesus' response appears to shift between the destruction of Jerusalem, the Second Coming, and the end of the world. Some scholars believe this was intentional. They are convinced that the destruction of Jerusalem and the Temple was a foreshadowing of the end of the world.
The Bible scholar Henry H. Halley (1874-1965) wrote: "It seems plain that he had in mind two distinct events, separated by an interval of time; indicated by "these" in (Matthew) 24:34, and "that day" in 24:36. Some would explain "this generation," to mean this nation, that is, the Jewish race shall not pass away until the Lord comes. The more common view is that he meant Jerusalem would be destroyed within the lifetime of those then living. To one looking at two distant mountain peaks, one behind the other, they seem close together, though they may be far apart. So, in Jesus' perspective, these two events, one in some respects typical of the other, stood in close proximity, though there is a long interval between. What he said in a sentence may be of an age. What happened in one case may be a "begun fulfillment" of what will happen in the other."
"His (Jesus') words concerning Jerusalem were fulfilled literally, within 40 years. The magnificent buildings of marble and gold were so completely demolished by the Roman army in AD 70, that (the historian) Josephus said it looked like a site that had never been inhabited" (Henry H. Halley).
Some students of the Bible believe that the tribulation pertains exclusively to the destruction of Jerusalem and the Temple and has nothing to do with our future. What do you think?
Abomination of Desolation -
This phrase means "the pagan idol that desecrates." It was a prophecy made by Daniel in Daniel 9:27, 11:31, and 12:11, that a pagan idol would someday desecrate the Temple in Jerusalem. Many Bible scholars, known as Amillennialists, believe this prophecy was fulfilled in 167 BC when King Antiochus Epiphanes of Syria sacrificed a pig to Zeus on the Temple altar. They also cite the destruction of Jerusalem in AD 70, when the Roman army placed a pagan idol on the grounds of the demolished Temple, as another fulfillment.
In contrast, other scholars, referred to as Premillennialists, disagree. They argue that these two events were foreshadowing a future desecration of the Temple. According to them, during the time of tribulation, just before Jesus' return, the world will witness the Antichrist defiling a restored Temple and compelling people to worship him (2 Thessalonians 2:4; Revelation 13:5-7). What do you think?
Olivet Discourse -
The Olivet Discourse, also known as the Olivet Prophecy, is a prophetic statement made by Jesus. Some scholars believe it predicts the destruction of Jerusalem, while others think it foretells the Second Coming and the end of the world. Still others are convinced it predicted all three.
Most of the Olivet Discourse is devoted to Jesus' Second Coming. Jesus had only three days to live and knew His crucifixion would shock His disciples and rattle their faith. When He was gone, it would be their job to spread the good news of salvation. So, He reminded them that paradise was prepared for them. "I go and prepare a place for you, I will come again, and receive you unto myself; that where I am, there ye may be also" (John 14:2-3).
Jesus delivered the Olivet Discourse after prophesizing the destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem (Matthew 24:2). While spending the night on the Mount of Olives, His disciples asked the Messiah when the Temple and Jerusalem would be destroyed, what signs would signal His return, and when would the world end (Matthew 24:3; Mark 13:3-4; Luke 21:7)? Jesus' response appears to shift between the destruction of Jerusalem, the Second Coming, and the end of the world. Some scholars believe this was intentional. They are convinced that the destruction of Jerusalem and the Temple was a foreshadowing of the end of the world.
The Bible scholar Henry H. Halley (1874-1965) wrote: "It seems plain that he had in mind two distinct events, separated by an interval of time; indicated by "these" in (Matthew) 24:34, and "that day" in 24:36. Some would explain "this generation," to mean this nation, that is, the Jewish race shall not pass away until the Lord comes. The more common view is that he meant Jerusalem would be destroyed within the lifetime of those then living. To one looking at two distant mountain peaks, one behind the other, they seem close together, though they may be far apart. So, in Jesus' perspective, these two events, one in some respects typical of the other, stood in close proximity, though there is a long interval between. What he said in a sentence may be of an age. What happened in one case may be a "begun fulfillment" of what will happen in the other."
"His (Jesus') words concerning Jerusalem were fulfilled literally, within 40 years. The magnificent buildings of marble and gold were so completely demolished by the Roman army in AD 70, that (the historian) Josephus said it looked like a site that had never been inhabited" (Henry H. Halley).
Some students of the Bible believe that the tribulation pertains exclusively to the destruction of Jerusalem and the Temple and has nothing to do with our future. What do you think?
Abomination of Desolation -
This phrase means "the pagan idol that desecrates." It was a prophecy made by Daniel in Daniel 9:27, 11:31, and 12:11, that a pagan idol would someday desecrate the Temple in Jerusalem. Many Bible scholars, known as Amillennialists, believe this prophecy was fulfilled in 167 BC when King Antiochus Epiphanes of Syria sacrificed a pig to Zeus on the Temple altar. They also cite the destruction of Jerusalem in AD 70, when the Roman army placed a pagan idol on the grounds of the demolished Temple, as another fulfillment.
In contrast, other scholars, referred to as Premillennialists, disagree. They argue that these two events were foreshadowing a future desecration of the Temple. According to them, during the time of tribulation, just before Jesus' return, the world will witness the Antichrist defiling a restored Temple and compelling people to worship him (2 Thessalonians 2:4; Revelation 13:5-7). What do you think?
The Gospel According to St. Matthew
The King James Bible
The King James Bible
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Matthew 24:1-28
Jesus on His return 1 And Jesus went out, and departed from the temple: and his disciples came to him for to shew him the buildings of the temple. 2 And Jesus said unto them, See ye not all these things? verily I say unto you, There shall not be left here one stone upon another, that shall not be thrown down. 3 And as he sat upon the mount of Olives, the disciples came unto him privately, saying, Tell us, when shall these things be? and what shall be the sign of thy coming, and of the end of the world? 4 And Jesus answered and said unto them, Take heed that no man deceive you. 5 For many shall come in my name, saying, I am Christ; and shall deceive many. 6 And ye shall hear of wars and rumours of wars: see that ye be not troubled: for all these things must come to pass, but the end is not yet. 7 For nation shall rise against nation, and kingdom against kingdom: and there shall be famines, and pestilences, and earthquakes, in divers places. 8 All these are the beginning of sorrows. 9 Then shall they deliver you up to be afflicted, and shall kill you: and ye shall be hated of all nations for my name's sake. 10 And then shall many be offended, and shall betray one another, and shall hate one another. 11 And many false prophets shall rise, and shall deceive many. 12 And because iniquity shall abound, the love of many shall wax cold. 13 But he that shall endure unto the end, the same shall be saved. 14 And this gospel of the kingdom shall be preached in all the world for a witness unto all nations; and then shall the end come. 15 When ye therefore shall see the abomination of desolation, spoken of by Daniel the prophet, stand in the holy place, (whoso readeth, let him understand:) 16 Then let them which be in Judaea flee into the mountains: 17 Let him which is on the housetop not come down to take any thing out of his house: 18 Neither let him which is in the field return back to take his clothes. 19 And woe unto them that are with child, and to them that give suck in those days! 20 But pray ye that your flight be not in the winter, neither on the sabbath day: 21 For then shall be great tribulation, such as was not since the beginning of the world to this time, no, nor ever shall be. 22 And except those days should be shortened, there should no flesh be saved: but for the elect's sake those days shall be shortened. 23 Then if any man shall say unto you, Lo, here is Christ, or there; believe it not. 24 For there shall arise false Christs, and false prophets, and shall shew great signs and wonders; insomuch that, if it were possible, they shall deceive the very elect. 25 Behold, I have told you before. 26 Wherefore if they shall say unto you, Behold, he is in the desert; go not forth: behold, he is in the secret chambers; believe it not. 27 For as the lightning cometh out of the east, and shineth even unto the west; so shall also the coming of the Son of man be. 28 For wheresoever the carcase is, there will the eagles be gathered together. |
Margin notes:
"Departed from the temple." (24:1) - This was Jesus' last visit to the Temple. It's Tuesday, Jesus has only three days to live. "Shew him the buildings of the temple." (24:1) - The Temple complex was made up of numerous buildings and was one of the most impressive man-made sights in the world. "There shall not be left here one stone upon another." (24:2) - Jesus' prediction was fulfilled in 70 AD when the Roman General Titus besieged Jerusalem and utterly destroyed the Temple. The Temple was set on fire, and the building stones were pulled apart to retrieve the gold leaf that had melted from the structure. "He sat upon the mount of Olives." (24:3) - Jesus gave the Olivet Discourse on the Mount of Olives, the exact spot where He will return (Ezekiel 11:23; Zechariah 14:4-9). "When shall these things be?" (24:3) - When will the Temple and Jerusalem be destroyed? Jesus gives a cryptic answer in Luke 21:20 and 21:24. "The end of the world." (24:3) - Some Bible scholars believe the proper translation of this verse is "The end of this age." They may be right, as our research shows that the original transcript uses the Greek word "αυτής," which in fact means "a period of time," or "age." "What shall be the sign of thy coming, and of the end of the world?" (24:3) - Jesus answers the disciple's question in verses 24:4-33. Additional note: This is a controversial passage. Many Bible scholars believe that "Verses 24:2-14 have a double interpretation: They give (1) the character of the age - wars, international unrest, famines, pestilences, persecutions, and false Christs. This is not the description of a converted world. But (2) the same answer applies in a specific way to the end of the age, i.e., Daniel's seventieth week (see Daniel 9:24)." ("The New Scofield Reference Bible," published by Oxford University Press, New York, New York; page 1033) "Many shall come in my name, saying, I am Christ; and shall deceive many." (24:5) - Jesus sees false Christ's as a serious problem. He warns against them again in verse 24:24 below and John 5:42-43. The apostle John also warned us against false messiahs in 1 John 2:18. "In divers places." (24:7) - "In various places." "Then shall they deliver you up to be afflicted, and shall kill you." (24:9) - "Then they will persecute and kill you." "Then shall many be offended." (24:10) - "Then many will fall away." "Many false prophets shall rise, and shall deceive many." (24:11) - Jesus repeatedly sounds the alarm against false prophets (Matthew 7:15). "Because iniquity shall abound, the love of many shall wax cold." (24:12) - "Because sin will be everywhere, the love in many people will grow cold." "This gospel of the kingdom shall be preached in all the world." (24:14) - Before Christ returns, the Gospel will be preached throughout the world. Although Jesus' disciples may have thought this was impossible, advancements in technology such as radio, television, and the internet have made it achievable. This widespread dissemination of the Gospel will serve as a sign that the Second Coming is near (Revelation 14:6-7). "The abomination of desolation, spoken of by Daniel." (24:15) - "The desecration of the Temple spoken of by Daniel." Jesus is referring to Daniel 9:27; 11:31, and 12:11. Daniel predicted the Temple's desecration 600 years before it happened. See above for more information. "Let him which is on the housetop." (24:17) - In Jesus' day, many homes had outside staircases that led to flat roofs. People could sit above the noise of the house to relax and catch a cool breeze. "Them that give suck!" (24:19) - Means "Woman who are nursing." "For then shall be great tribulation." (24:21) - The Tribulation was predicted in Joel 2:1-2. This verse is where we get the word "Tribulation" from. "Except those days should be shortened, there should no flesh be saved." (24:22) - "Unless those days are shortened, no one will be saved." Many Bible scholars believe that Daniel 7:25 and Revelation 12:14 predict that "those days" will last three and a half years ("a time, and times, and half a time"). "The elect's." (24:22) - Means God's chosen people. "Lo, here is Christ." (24:23) - "Look, here is the Messiah." "There shall arise false Christs, and false prophets, and shall shew great signs and wonders... they shall deceive the very elect." (24:24) - In the last days, false prophets will perform satanic miracles that even deceive some Christians (Revelation 13:13-15). See also the warning in Deuteronomy 13:1-5. "For as the lightning cometh out of the east...."(24:27) - Jesus promises to return. See also Luke 17:24. "Wheresoever the carcase is, there will the eagles be gathered together." (24:28) - "Wherever bodies are, there the vultures will gather together." "The meaning of this somewhat puzzling verse is illuminated in the final dialogue between God and Job (Job 39:27-30). The spiritual application here is that, where moral corruption exists, divine judgment falls." ("The New Scofield Reference Bible," published by Oxford University Press, New York, New York; page 1034) |
Mark gives his account of this passage in Mark 13:1-23. You can read Luke's report in Luke 21:5-24. To learn more about the final judgment, see Revelation 6:1-17.
New Living Translation
Matthew 24:1-28
Jesus Foretells the Future
1 As Jesus was leaving the Temple grounds, his disciples pointed out to him the various Temple buildings.
2 But he responded, "Do you see all these buildings? I tell you the truth, they will be completely demolished. Not one stone will be left on top of another!"
3 Later, Jesus sat on the Mount of Olives. His disciples came to him privately and said, "Tell us, when will all this happen? What sign will signal your return and the end of the world?"
4 Jesus told them, "Don't let anyone mislead you,
5 for many will come in my name, claiming, 'I am the Messiah.' They will deceive many.
6 And you will hear of wars and threats of wars, but don't panic. Yes, these things must take place, but the end won't follow immediately.
7 Nation will go to war against nation, and kingdom against kingdom. There will be famines and earthquakes in many parts of the world.
8 But all this is only the first of the birth pains, with more to come.
9 "Then you will be arrested, persecuted, and killed. You will be hated all over the world because you are my followers.
10 And many will turn away from me and betray and hate each other.
11 And many false prophets will appear and will deceive many people.
12 Sin will be rampant everywhere, and the love of many will grow cold.
13 But the one who endures to the end will be saved.
14 And the Good News about the Kingdom will be preached throughout the whole world, so that all nations will hear it; and then the end will come.
15 "The day is coming when you will see what Daniel the prophet spoke about-the sacrilegious object that causes desecration standing in the Holy Place." (Reader, pay attention!)
16 "Then those in Judea must flee to the hills.
17 A person out on the deck of a roof must not go down into the house to pack.
18 A person out in the field must not return even to get a coat.
19 How terrible it will be for pregnant women and for nursing mothers in those days.
20 And pray that your flight will not be in winter or on the Sabbath.
21 For there will be greater anguish than at any time since the world began. And it will never be so great again.
22 In fact, unless that time of calamity is shortened, not a single person will survive. But it will be shortened for the sake of God's chosen ones.
23 "Then if anyone tells you, 'Look, here is the Messiah,' or 'There he is,' don't believe it.
24 For false messiahs and false prophets will rise up and perform great signs and wonders so as to deceive, if possible, even God's chosen ones.
25 See, I have warned you about this ahead of time.
26 "So if someone tells you, 'Look, the Messiah is out in the desert,' don't bother to go and look. Or, 'Look, he is hiding here,' don't believe it!
27 For as the lightning flashes in the east and shines to the west, so it will be when the Son of Man comes.
28 Just as the gathering of vultures shows there is a carcass nearby, so these signs indicate that the end is near.
The "New Living Translation" (Tyndale House, Publishers, Wheaton, Illinois) is a paraphrase and not an accurate word-for-word translation of the Bible. However, it is a helpful tool when read with the "King James Version."
Jesus Foretells the Future
1 As Jesus was leaving the Temple grounds, his disciples pointed out to him the various Temple buildings.
2 But he responded, "Do you see all these buildings? I tell you the truth, they will be completely demolished. Not one stone will be left on top of another!"
3 Later, Jesus sat on the Mount of Olives. His disciples came to him privately and said, "Tell us, when will all this happen? What sign will signal your return and the end of the world?"
4 Jesus told them, "Don't let anyone mislead you,
5 for many will come in my name, claiming, 'I am the Messiah.' They will deceive many.
6 And you will hear of wars and threats of wars, but don't panic. Yes, these things must take place, but the end won't follow immediately.
7 Nation will go to war against nation, and kingdom against kingdom. There will be famines and earthquakes in many parts of the world.
8 But all this is only the first of the birth pains, with more to come.
9 "Then you will be arrested, persecuted, and killed. You will be hated all over the world because you are my followers.
10 And many will turn away from me and betray and hate each other.
11 And many false prophets will appear and will deceive many people.
12 Sin will be rampant everywhere, and the love of many will grow cold.
13 But the one who endures to the end will be saved.
14 And the Good News about the Kingdom will be preached throughout the whole world, so that all nations will hear it; and then the end will come.
15 "The day is coming when you will see what Daniel the prophet spoke about-the sacrilegious object that causes desecration standing in the Holy Place." (Reader, pay attention!)
16 "Then those in Judea must flee to the hills.
17 A person out on the deck of a roof must not go down into the house to pack.
18 A person out in the field must not return even to get a coat.
19 How terrible it will be for pregnant women and for nursing mothers in those days.
20 And pray that your flight will not be in winter or on the Sabbath.
21 For there will be greater anguish than at any time since the world began. And it will never be so great again.
22 In fact, unless that time of calamity is shortened, not a single person will survive. But it will be shortened for the sake of God's chosen ones.
23 "Then if anyone tells you, 'Look, here is the Messiah,' or 'There he is,' don't believe it.
24 For false messiahs and false prophets will rise up and perform great signs and wonders so as to deceive, if possible, even God's chosen ones.
25 See, I have warned you about this ahead of time.
26 "So if someone tells you, 'Look, the Messiah is out in the desert,' don't bother to go and look. Or, 'Look, he is hiding here,' don't believe it!
27 For as the lightning flashes in the east and shines to the west, so it will be when the Son of Man comes.
28 Just as the gathering of vultures shows there is a carcass nearby, so these signs indicate that the end is near.
The "New Living Translation" (Tyndale House, Publishers, Wheaton, Illinois) is a paraphrase and not an accurate word-for-word translation of the Bible. However, it is a helpful tool when read with the "King James Version."
Key verses from this passage
"And Jesus went out, and departed from the temple: and his disciples came to him for to shew him the buildings of the temple.
And Jesus said unto them, See ye not all these things? verily I say unto you, There shall not be left here one stone upon another, that shall not be thrown down." (24:1-2)
"And Jesus answered and said unto them, Take heed that no man deceive you. For many shall come in my name, saying, I am Christ; and shall deceive many. And ye shall hear of wars and rumours of wars: see that ye be not troubled: for all these things must come to pass, but the end is not yet." (24:4-5)
"And many false prophets shall rise, and shall deceive many." (24:11)
"And this gospel of the kingdom shall be preached in all the world for a witness unto all nations; and then shall the end come." (24:14)
"For then shall be great tribulation, such as was not since the beginning of the world to this time, no, nor ever shall be." (24:21)
And Jesus said unto them, See ye not all these things? verily I say unto you, There shall not be left here one stone upon another, that shall not be thrown down." (24:1-2)
"And Jesus answered and said unto them, Take heed that no man deceive you. For many shall come in my name, saying, I am Christ; and shall deceive many. And ye shall hear of wars and rumours of wars: see that ye be not troubled: for all these things must come to pass, but the end is not yet." (24:4-5)
"And many false prophets shall rise, and shall deceive many." (24:11)
"And this gospel of the kingdom shall be preached in all the world for a witness unto all nations; and then shall the end come." (24:14)
"For then shall be great tribulation, such as was not since the beginning of the world to this time, no, nor ever shall be." (24:21)
Today's Question:
1. Why was the Temple so important to Jews?
Read your Bible every day to strengthen your relationship with God.
1. Why was the Temple so important to Jews?
Read your Bible every day to strengthen your relationship with God.
Answer: (Do you agree?)
1. In 956 BC, King Solomon built the original Temple, also called the House of Jehovah, in Jerusalem. It took seven years to complete (1 Kings 6:38). Following God's instructions laid out in 1 Kings 6:11-37, each stone, beam and component were made off-site, delivered to Jerusalem, and then painstakingly moved into place without the use of hammers, axes, or iron tools (1 Kings 6:7). The Temple was the center of Jewish religious life and the teaching of Judaism. It was where religious sacrifices were made, and it held the Arc of the Covenant, and holy relics sacred to Jews. The Babylonians sacked Jerusalem in 586 BC (2 Kings 25:1-30), destroyed the Temple and carried Jews away into captivity. The Temple was rebuilt in 515 BC when the Jews returned from captivity (Ezra 1:1-4:24).
Beginning around 15 BC, King Herod the Great embarked on what would become an eighty-year program to improve and expand the Temple. Although the Temple of Jesus' day had been under reconstruction for forty-five years (John 2:20) and was fully functional and stunning to see, it was not yet finished. Remodeling would take another thirty-five years to complete.
The Temple complex was made up of numerous buildings and was awe-inspiring. Tens of thousands of workers labored for decades to build the complex. The main gate was adorned with gold, silver, and polished brass and stood an amazing seventy-five feet tall and sixty feet wide. This is probably the gate that Acts 3:2 calls "beautiful." The Temple walls facing the east were decorated with gold and shimmered in the morning sun. The remaining walls were crafted from beautiful white marble. The largest building stones were twenty-seven feet long and weighed an unbelievable two hundred tons. Some of these stones were decorated with gold. The royal portico was over nine hundred feet long and boasted one hundred and sixty columns to support the roof. There were several porches, the longest was known as Solomon's porch and was nearly sixteen hundred feet in length. Given its grandeur, it's no surprise that the disciples wanted to take Jesus on a sightseeing tour of the Temple (Matthew 24:1). They couldn't imagine the Temples destruction unless the world was ending.
In 70 AD, five years after the Temple's completion, the Roman army put down a Jewish uprising and Jerusalem was destroyed again. Just as Jesus prophesied (Matthew 24:2; Mark 13:1-2; Luke 19:41-44; 21:5-6), the Temple was burned and pulled apart stone by stone to collect the melted ornamental gold leaf.
Application thought for the day:
No one knows the time of the Second Coming. Anyone who claims to know is a false prophet. "Take heed that no man deceive you." (24:4)
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Thanks to the writings and commentary of John Wesley and Adam Clarke. Also, "The Layman's Bible Study Notebook" by Irving Jensen, published by Harvest House Publishing, Irvine, California; the "Life Change Series," published by NavPress books, Colorado Springs, Colorado; "Robertson's New Testament Word Studies;" "The MacArthur Bible Commentary" by John MacArthur, published by Thomas Nelson, Nashville, Tennessee; "Wisdom of the Bible" CD by Topics Entertainment, Inc., Renton, Washington for their inspiring pictures; "My utmost for His Highest" by Oswald Chambers, published by Barbour Publishing, Inc., Uhrichsville, Ohio; The "Treasury of Scriptural Knowledge" by Reuben Archer Torrey; "Hope For Each Day" by Billy Graham, published by J. Countryman, a division of Thomas Nelson, Inc., Nashville, Tennessee; "Easton's Bible Dictionary" by Matthew George Easton; "Unger's Bible Dictionary" by Merrill F. Unger, published by Moody Press, Chicago, Illinois; "Atlas of the Bible" edited by Joseph L. Gardner, published by Readers Digest, Pleasantville, New York; "Halley's Bible Handbook" by Henry H. Halley, Zondervan Publishing House, Grand Rapids, Michigan; "The Everyday Bible," published by World Wide Publications, Minneapolis, Minnesota; "The New Testament" Recovery Version, published by Living Stream Ministry, Anaheim, California; "The Living New Testament," published by Tyndale house, Wheaten, Illinois; "The New Living Translation," published by Tyndale House, Wheaten, Illinois; "The New Testament" translated from the Latin Vulgate, published by Guild Press, New York, New York; the "Life Application Study Bible," published by Tyndale House Publishing, Carol Stream, Illinois; the "Quest Study Bible," published by The Zondervan Corporation, Grand Rapids, Michigan; "The New Scofield Reference Bible," published by Oxford University Press, New York, New York; BibleGateway.com for all their wonderful links; and of course, the "King James Bible." All were critical in putting these lessons together.
© 2025 evolke
© 2025 evolke